Properties of Some Ayurvedic Bhasmas

Properties of Some Ayurvedic BhasmasInvestigation of Structure, Microbiological and Cytotoxic Properties of Some Ayurvedic BhasmasIntroductionAyurveda is the handed-down Hindu practice of medication system practiced extensively in South Asia. In Sanskrit, the word Ayurveda is basic ally made of two components, Ayush life and Veda science and fellowship. This states clearly that science of life is Ayurveda. From ancient period Ayurvedic medicine is in exercising with the objectives i) to enhance health status physically, mentally and spiritually free of illness and ii) to therapeutic disease with the wait on of natural diet, medicine. In ancient period if people get sick and injured there was a trend of use of medicine which is also known as folk medicine. Use of Bhasmas as Ayurvedic medicine has been known from as an alternative medicine. Use of traditional medicine includes Ayurveda, Ancient Iraninan, Korean and African medicine. But recently WHO has noniced that use of th ese medicines in inappropriate way may give some negative and toxic results. And enquiry usage is to be through with(p) for its safety and ascertinity. These days microorganisms are common organisms for causing disease (Shubha Hiremath, 2010). Some of them can be cured with daily hygienic processes save most of them can be removed and recovered with the use of medicines. Ayurveda is the traditional Hindu medicine system practiced extensively in South Asia.Ayurvedic medicine has wide range of composition, which also includes Bhasmas. Literally, Bhasma is something that is obtained from the process of calcination. Generally, calcination and incineration of any gem or metal substance is performed to prepare such formulations and used in any medicative purpose as Ayurvedic medicine (Kumar Pal, 2015).The Bhasmas are prepared from metals like gold, silver, iron, lead, mercury and arsenic and so on (see Tables 1 and 2). Metal constituent are alleged(a) to have positive impact to hum an health through Ayurvedic perspective. However, in modern synthetic medicine heavy metal are considered toxic. The objective of this instruction is to bear witness the impacts of these drugs on growth of microorganism. Lead, mercury and arsenic is considered as the harmful compound that may lead to antithetical kinds of disease especially cancer (Patra, Bhattacharya, Mukhopadhyay, Mukherjee, 2010).The accept in this cultivate is to analyze the selected Bhasma drugs with respect to their expression, perform their disinfectant susceptibility tests and also to analyze the cytotoxic moment towards the cell lines. Furthermore, if there is any antimicrobial and cytotoxic behavior of the drugs, the attempts will be made to answer the following questionsIs the given Bhasmas effect related to the presence of heavy metal compound?Is the effect the result of other materials that has been added for the preparation of that Ayurvedic Bhasma?Table 1. Some of the Bhasmas intended to be studied in the proposed work S. no(prenominal)Name of BhasmaContent (metal)1Parad atomic number 802HartalArsenic3ManoshilaArsenic4NaagLead5ShisakLead6Kajjalihydrargyrum7Ras sindurMercury8KajjaliMercury9JasadaZinc10LohaIron11RajatSilver12SwornaGoldTabl 2 Some Bhasmas that are produced by calcination of corresponding mineral compounds S. No.NameSource1CouryCowry shell2AbrakaMica3MugaCoral4SankhaConch shell5SipiOyster shell6MotiPearl shellAyurveda is an ancient Indian system of medicine dating back to 5000BC. Literally the science of life, it uses animal, envisiont, mineral and metal based medicines to cure diseases. (Barve, Mashru, Jagtap, Pargiri, Prajapati, 2011) (Patwardhan Mashelkar, 2009) A part of Ayurveda called Rasasatra is concerned with drugs of the metal-mineral occupation, their processing technique, properties and therapeutic applications (Sarkar, Das, Prajapati, 2010). In Ayurveda, the drugs with mineral origin are considered more effective than those of animal and plant origin. Generally, metal minerals in the authentic form are toxic, non-absorbable and dont have medicinal significance. Therefore, are transformed by various monetary standard protocols before being used as drug. Pharmaceuticals with the metal minerals origin are called Bhasmas. Bhasmas is a calcined powder of mineral, metal, gems (Sangale, Suryawanshi, Chikate, Khot, 2014).Sworna (Gold) Bhasmas, Rajata (Silver) Bhasmas, Tamra (Copper) Bhasma, Loha (Iron) Bhasmas, Jasada (Zinc) Bhasmas and ashes of the minerals like Caury (cowry shells), Muga (corals), Sankha (conch shell), Sipi (oyster shell) and others have been extensively used as Bhasmas in Ayurvedic medicine (Adhikari, 2014) (Krishnamachary, et al., 2012) (Sarkar, Das, Prajapati, 2010) (Wadekar, Rode, Bendale, Patil, Prabhune, 2005). The importance of the proper dose and way of judgeship of Ayurvedic drugs has been studied. It has been found that improper application of the Bhasmas lead to the death of the patients . The death is due to the accumulation of the heavy metals in the soft cells (Sarkar, Das, Prajapati, 2010) (Kapoor, 2010). However, heavy metals are drugs if they are supplied inwardly recommended limits on their labels for plant and animal. Preparation methods determine the therapeutic efficiency as well as level of toxicity of the Bhasmas (Nagarajan, Rajan, Krishnan, Sethuraman, 2014).Formulation of Bhasmas based on standard protocol reveals nanostructured morphology. These metallic nanoparticles are taken along with milk, butter, honey, ghee which eliminate their harmful effects and intensify their biocompatibility (Formulation, 2014). Jasada Bhasma has been used for treatment of diabetes, arthritis and tuberculosis. Rajata Bhasma is used to cure muscles wasting, brain diseases and neuronic disorder. Similarly, Sworna Bhasma is used for arthritis and rheumatoid (Adhikari, 2014) (Patwardhan Mashelkar, 2009). These are the ancient formulation of the metal and minerals based drugs in Ayurveda. In modern medicine, the trend of the using the metal nanoparticle is increasing for stage set diseases. Modern nanoparticles through a several chemical modifications are used in the preparation of the nanodrugs. young trend on modern medicine shows that nanoparticles from gold, silver, iron, coat can be used against several chronic diseases. Gold nanoparticles have high therapeutic potential to fight against cancer and act as drug delivery vehicles (Khan, Vishakante, Siddaramaiah, 2013) (Dobrovolskaia McNeil, 2007) (Patra, Bhattacharya, Mukhopadhyay, Mukherjee, 2010).Therefore, the systematic studies of the many Bhasmas are still behind the horizon. Such Bhasmas may have potential for higher therapeutic values for curing chronic diseases. So, to investigate the science behind the different Ayurvedic Bhasmas, in particular with respect to their structiure-properties correlations, and their medicinal values will be the topic of the proposed project.The propos ed research will include different interesting questions which will be attempted to solve in the course of the use up.What is the physico-chemical and microscopic structure of the given Bhama? Is it a kind of nanomedicine with respect to its structure? What is the real chemical compositions?How do Bhasmas differ with respect to their microbiological effects on the human body?Will the Bhasma show significant cytotoxic effect that towards diseased cells? How will the normal cell lines respond?Can a correlation be established mingled with the structure and properties of the Bhasmas?Although heavy metals have proven poisonous effects and have a predominantly unfavorable reputation in the modern scientific society, these have been used as pharmaceutical agents since archetypical century B.C. Traditional literature like Rasatarangini, Charaksamita, Rasratnasammuchaya compiled the processing, manufacturing and therapeutic application of heavy metal containing drugs. Different studies show that formulation with heavy metal has toxic effect. The toxicity level depends upon various factors such as processing of cranky materials, method and amount of consumption. Heavy metals with nanoscopic structure are generally absorbable inside cell. Recent trend also shows that nanoparticles of gold, arsenic, silver have pharmaceutical potentiality. Thats why well documented study on Bhasmas prepared from heavy metals is needed for their appropriate use as well as for the proper understanding of their structure-properties relationships.Preliminary works have been performed in a transformation of Ayurvedic drugs including some drugs comprising Arsenic compounds (Harital) by the research group comprising the some of these members of the present consortium (Panta, Bhandari and Lamsal, and Adhikari 2017). Microscopic, spectroscopic and antibacterial tests were performed on some of the drugs. The compounds exhibited quite strong antibacterial activities again gigabyte positive a nd gram negative bacteria. Nanomechanical aspects of the Bhamsa drugs were also review some time ago to find the parallel between modern nanomedicine and ancient ayurvedic Bhasma (Adhikari, 2014). Thus, there is a sufficient downplay information and nalaytical skill in the research group to perform successfully the proposed research works.The proposed work is aimed at the investigation of physico-chemical structure as well as microbiological and cytotoxic properties of different Bhasmas.To elucidate the composition and structure of Bhasma.To see the positive effect of components, present in Bhasma.To study the toxicity of Bhasma on microorganisms and cell lines.To bridge over the gap between modern medicine and traditional medicine practice.The research will begin with detail literature survey to eliminate the possibility of extra and to determine possibility of conflict of interest. The commercial Bhasma will be collected and example preparation will be done in accordance to th e accessibility of Bhasma in the market while strictly following the procedure described in the Ayurvedic books. Pertinent physical and chemical properties will be studied and the sample will be sent for characterization. X-Ray Diffraction, Optical Microscopy, Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopic Analysis will be performed. After characterization, based on the composition, the proper resolving for the drugs to enter the cell will be selected. Biological assay will then be carried out according to standard protocol. The assays include anti-microbial, cytotoxicity and antidiabetic. The obtained results of all to a higher place tests will be compile and analyzed manually or using computer software wherever applicable. The report will then be prepared. The supra process is illustrated in the flowchart below. The research plan including the anylytical procedure is depicted in Scheme 1.Scheme 1 Flowsheet depicting the analytical and research plan for the proposed work It has been pr oved by earlier studies that the Bhasmas prepared after using standard protocol should reveal nanoparticles which are thus expected to show anti-microbial military action against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. It is the topic to explorer the opportunities that the Bhasmas might exhibit pharmaceutical potentiality against cancer, diabetic and HIV/ AIDS. This study is expected to deliver the following vector sum after completion of the works.Provide necessary scientific foundation for structure and composition of the Bhasmas.This study may be able to clarify the issue of contradiction in terms related to the statement telling Ayurvedic formulations with heavy metals are toxic to health.The study will deliver the structure-antibacterial properties correlations of very important traditional medicinal practice of the country.LimitationsThis study does not cover any Ayurvedic formulation based on herbs and animals.This research does not include detail mechanism of action of the Bhasmas on tested parameters.This work does not associate in any way to the psychological, psychiatric and social impacts that might arrive after the use of Bhasmas.DelimitationsThis project will bring Ayurveda from accessory medicine to main stream treatment practice.This work may change the notion that heavy metals in all form are detrimental to health.The facilities getable in the laboratory in the REACST will be primarily sufficient for performing major part of the study. Some of the samples have to be sent to other laboratories.This study associates with a variety of people who have been working with Bhasmas as family business for many generations.The result of this work, if contradicting with their practices, might affect their livelihood.The formulation of Bhasmas will be done in isolated condition using standard protocol and also focus to minimize metal hazards during study.This project does not incorporate all the aspects of heavy metals impact in body. Thus, any action based sol ely on this work might cause on foreseen effects.S.NTask to be doneTentative time1Literature review8 weeks2Chemical and instrument collection4 weeks3Commercial sample collection4 weeks4Sample preparation16 weeks5Characterization16 weeks6Biological AssayAntimicrobial test4 weeksCytotoxicity (Anti-cancer)6 weeksAnti-diabetic10 weeks7Data Analysis8 weeks8Preparation of initial draft of report8 weeks9Finalization of report12 weeksTotal Time96 weeks = 1 year 10 monthEstimated BudgetS. No.Title Amount (Rs.)1.ChemicalFormulationRs. 30,000/-Antimicrobial testRs. 30,000/-Cytotoxicity testRs. 40,000/-Antidiabetics testRs. 40,000/-2.InstrumentsRs. 1,50,000/-3.Commercial SampleRs. 10,000/-4.Transportation and Courier for CharacterizationRs. 40,000/-5.Stationary and LogisticsRs. 30,000/-6.Miscellaneous (printing, binding, communications etc.)Rs. 20,000/-7.Laboratory chemicalsRs. 60,000/-TotalRs. 4,50,000/-Today nano-medicine is emerging as new revolution worldwide and has several promises. The exploration of nano-formulations in medical field has made us to dream of several opportunities. The study of the Bhasmas will help to gain those goals. There is higher chance of innovation of new drugs by mixing the indigenous knowledge with modern technology of drug discovery and delivery. These efforts on Bhasmas are directed toward finding solution to crucial issues of infectious disease and in particular tackling with more vulnerability the comeback of diabetics, HIV/AIDS and the withering spread of cancer in world. However, more effort has to be done to uplift the potentiality of Bhasmas to that of modern nanodrugs. More research is desirable which explore the co-relation between structural nature and mechanism associated with their therapeutic activity. This study can provide pathway to enhance the use of traditional Ayurvedic medicine and helps to preserve the traditional knowledge.References Adhikari, R. (2014). Ayurvedic Bhasmas Overview on Nanomaterialistic Aspects, App lications, and Perspectives. Infectious Diseases and Nanomedicine I, 23-32. inside10.1007/978-81-322-1777-0_3Barve, M., Mashru, M., Jagtap, C., Pargiri, B. J., Prajapati, P. K. (2011). Therapuetic potentials of metals in ancient India A review through Charaka Samhita. ledger of Ayurveda and Intregative Medicine, 2(2), 55-63. Retrieved from http//imsear.hellis.org/handle/123456789/172982Dobrovolskaia, M. A., McNeil, S. E. (2007). Immunological properties of engineered nanomaterials. Nature nanotechnology, 2(8), 469-478. doi10.1038/nnano.2007.223Formulation, c. a.-m. (2014). Rasheed, Arun Naik, Madhu Haneefa, Kotappadath Pillanayil Mohammed Kumar, Raveendran Pillai Arun Azeem, Abdul Kharim. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci, 27(4), 793-800. Retrieved from http//applications.emro.who.int/imemrf/Pak_J_Pharm_Sci/Pak_J_Pharm_Sci_2014_27_4_793_800.pdfKapoor, R. C. (2010). Some observations on the metal-based preparations in Indian systems of medicine. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 9(3). Ret rieved from http//hdl.handle.net/2248/3544Khan, M. S., Vishakante, G. D., Siddaramaiah, H. (2013). Gold nanoparticles a paradigm shift in biomedical applications. Advances in colloid and interface science, 199, 44-58. doi10.1016/j.cis.2013.06.003Krishnamachary, B., Rajendran, N., Pemiah, B., Krishnaswamy, S., Krishnan, U. M., Sethuraman, S., Sekar, R. K. (2012). Scientific substantiation of the different purification steps involved in the preparation of an Indian Ayurvedic medicine, Lauha bhasma. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 142(1), 98-104. doi10.1016/j.jep.2012.04.021Kumar Pal, S. (2015). The Ayurvedic Bhasma The Ancient Science of Nanomedicine. Recent Patents on Nanomedicine, 5(1), 12-18.Nagarajan, S. a., Rajan, K., Krishnan, U., Sethuraman, S. (2014). Scientific insights in the preparation and characterisation of a lead-based naga bhasma. Indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 76(1), 38-45. Retrieved from https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4007254/Panta, P, Bhan dari, T. R, Lamsal B., and Adhikari, R. unpublished results (2017)Patra, C. R., Bhattacharya, R., Mukhopadhyay, D., Mukherjee, P. (2010). Fabrication of gold nanoparticles for targeted therapy in pancreatic cancer. Advanced drug delivery reviews, 62(3), 346-361. doi10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.007Patwardhan, B., Mashelkar, R. A. (2009). Traditional medicine-inspired approaches to drug discovery Can Ayurveda show the way forward. Drug discovery today, 14(15), 804-811. doi10.1016/j.drudis.2009.05.009Sangale, M. D., Suryawanshi, M., Chikate, C., Khot, R. (2014). Comparative studies and analysis of Jasandand Nag bhasma prepared by different Ayurvedic pharmaceuticals. International Journal of Advanced Scientific and Technical Research, 2(4). Retrieved from http//rspublication.com/ijst/2014/april14/29.pdfSarkar, P. K., Das, S., Prajapati, P. K. (2010). Ancient concept of metal pharmacology based on Ayurvedic literature. Ancient science of life, 29(4), 1-6.Shubha, S. H., Hiremath, R. S. (20 10). Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Rasaka Bhasma. AYU An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda, 31(2), 260-262.Wadekar, M. P., Rode, C. V., Bendale, Y. N., Patil, K. R., Prabhune, A. A. (2005). Preparation and characterization of a copper based Indian traditional drug Tamra bhasma. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 39(5), 951-955. doi10.1016/j.jpba.2005.06.015Association to national PriorityAyurvedic drugs are indigenous technology of Nepal. The practice incorporates a wide variety of social groups during the raw material collection, purification, processing, delivery and prescription of medicine. Moreover, the need of raw materials opens door to industrial and entrepreneur investment. The work we have proposed thus can impact a variety of national priority which will be described in detail belowBhasma is found to have significant effect on the cure of tuberculosis. They are also expected to cure diabetes, cancer and other non-communicab le diseases. The reduction of these communicable and non-communicable disease is a part of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG). The formulations studied in our work can play a major role in meeting the SDG as well as in improving the health indicators not covered in SDG but is a common health problem in Nepal such as rheumatic and skin disease SDGThe production and public exposure of Bhasma is a multi-step process requiring a variety of manpower. It demands unskilled manpower for labor works necessary in all steps, semi-skilled manpower for the production and distribution of medicines as well as skilled manpower like doctors, chemists, administrators to supervise the whole operation. Hence understanding and commercialization of Bhasma can significantly contribute to employ not only local manpower but also help bring back the manpower currently outside Nepal.Bhasma is unquestionably the local intellectual piazza of Nepal which requires protection before it becomes the victim of modern medicine hegemony and strange trademark. This work will be a step to the documentation, standardization and recognition of the ancient knowledge which is not yet accepted as a scientific truth. Understanding and patenting the rights in the country will prevent local knowledge from being foreign property. This project is also a step towards proper documentation and preservation of rare and endangered books.Preparation of Bhasma is a traditional example of top-down nanofabrication. Nanoscience and nanotechnology is a burning research field. However, only a handful of work has been done in this field. Government as well as private investors are disinclined to investment on nanoscience. This project can be an invitation to industries as well as academia to focus on nanomaterial synthesis and use to solution of familiar problem.