Puryfying Used Cooking Oil free essay sample

The researchers are trying to figure out the effects of sedimentation, activated carbon, and decantation and boiling on purifying used coconut, palm and vegetable oil. The researcher’s experiment resulted to the change of appearance, odour and viscosity of each type of oil. The now purified cooking oil is faster to heat which makes cooking easier, faster and more efficient. The purified oil is quite beneficial however it does not take in as much taste as the unpurified ones. Overall the experiment was very successful in terms of finding the positive differences in each type of oils. The vegetable oil was the best product of all the processes because it had shown the best improvement in all aspects including appearance, odour and viscosity compared to the coconut and the palm oil in the experiment. This study can benefit people who love to cook. Acknowledgements The researchers would like to thank the following for making this study successful: †¢The Anico family for openly welcoming the researchers into their home without hesitation. We will write a custom essay sample on Puryfying Used Cooking Oil or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page †¢Ms. Michelle Baldevarona for being patient in helping with the SIP in every step of the way. †¢Most of all, the Heavenly Father for blessing the researchers with minds that are capable of interpreting the information taught and transferring it to useful knowledge. Chapter 1 Introduction Background of the Study In the commercial world of fast food restaurants and Filipino homes, lessening expenses is one their main goals. Most fast food restaurants, such as Jollibee and McDonald’s, try to lessen expenses by reusing cooking oil. More than not, they reuse cooking oil without making sure that it is still sanitary and healthy to use in cooking. Because most Filipino dishes include the use of cooking oil, it is a primary ingredient in many dishes. Therefore, many health concerns are raised, such as increase of cholesterol due to the reused fats present when cooking oil is reused without ensuring its sanitary and nutritional value. Cooking oils undergo a complex series of changes and reactions during heating and frying. Used cooking oils could be purified by removing the odour, undesirable taste and colour substances. Activated carbon, the process of decantation, sedimentation and boiling are potential means of improving the quality of the used edible cooking oils. Statement of the Problem Will sedimentation, activated carbon, boiling and decantation purify coconut, palm and vegetable oil? Which oil is the best product from the purification processes? Hypothesis Purified cooking oil is equitable with unpurified cooking oil in terms of content and quality such as appearance, odour and viscosity. Definition of Terms Activated Carbon is a form of carbon processed to be riddled with small, low-volume pores that increase the surface area available for adsorption or chemical reactions. Coconut Oil an edible oil extracted from the kernel or meat of matured coconuts harvested from the coconut palm Decantation is a process for the separation of mixtures, by removing a top layer of liquid from which a precipitate has settled. Palm Oil – is an edible vegetable oil derived from the mesocarp (reddish pulp) of the fruit of the oil palms Sedimentation – natural process where solid materials sink to the bottom given a period of time Vegetable Oil is a triglyceride extracted from a plant Significance of the Study The study will benefit people who use cooking oil to prepare meals. This will not only save them money but it can also ensure them that their food would still be edible due to the fact that reused cooking oil can easily become rancid (spoiled) and deteriorated to the point it produces undesirable flavours and odours. Besides ruining what would have been a perfectly good meal, rancid oils also contain free radicals that are potentially carcinogenic. Scope and Limitation This study covered the purification of used cooking oils through the use of activated carbon, the process of decantation and of boiling. The researchers used vegetable oil, palm oil and coconut oil to be experimented on. Variables such as the amount of cooking oil used, the length it took to coo, the temperature and food used to cook were controlled. On the other hand, the manipulated variables were the types of cooking oil. Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature Uses and Effects Filipinos are fond of using cooking oil in their homes. They are also conscious of saving money by reusing these oils. But when cooking oils are reused without purifying it, some health hazards may occur. One of these is the formation of 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE) which is due to the food particles left from the previous food cooked which are reheated again. HNE can cause cardiovascular disease, stroke, various liver disorders, and cancer. Activated Carbon Activated carbon is a form of carbon processed to be riddled with small, low-volume pores that increases its absorption of liquids when passed through it. This can remove the unwanted food particles and further purify it. Sedimentation Sedimentation is the tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier. Decantation Decantation is a process for the separation of mixtures, by removing a top layer of liquid from which a precipitate has settled. Usually a small amount of solution must be left in the container, and care must be taken to prevent a small amount of precipitate from flowing with the solution out of the container. It is frequently used to purify a liquid by separating it from a suspension of insoluble particles. Coconut Oil Coconut oil is an edible oil extracted from the kernel or meat of matured coconuts harvested from the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera). It has various applications in food, medicine, and industry. Coconut oil is commonly used in cooking, especially for frying and is a common flavor in many South Asian curries. It has been used for cooking (in tropical parts of the world) for thousands of years. Coconut oil is used by movie theatre chains to pop popcorn, adding a large amount of saturated fat in the process. Palm Oil Palm oil (also known as dende oil, from Portuguese) is an edible vegetable oil derived from mesocarp (reddish pulp) of the fruit of the oil palms. Palm oil is naturally reddish in color because of a high beta-carotene content. It is not to be confused with palm kernel oil derived from the kernel of the same fruit, or coconut oil derived from the kernel of the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera). The differences are in color (raw palm kernel oil lacks carotenoids and is not red), and in saturated fat content: Palm mesocarp oil is 41% saturated, while Palm Kernel oil and Coconut oil are 81% and 86% saturated respectively. Vegetable Oil A vegetable oil is a triglyceride extracted from a plant. Such oils have been part of human culture for millennia. The term vegetable oil can be narrowly defined as referring only to substances that are liquid at room temperature, or broadly defined without regard to a substances state of matter at a given temperature. For this reason, vegetable oils that are solid at room temperature are sometimes called vegetable fats. Viscosity The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal notion of thickness†. Viscosity is due to the friction between neighbouring particles in a fluid that are moving at different velocities. Chapter 3 Methodology Subject of the Study This study made us of three kinds of cooking oil which are mainly used in Filipino homes. These cooking oils are namely vegetable oil, palm oil and coconut oil. Materials ? cup of vegetable oil ? cup of palm oil ? cup of coconut oil Activated carbon Bottle where the decantation process will take place Pot where boiling can happen Procedures 1)After the cooking oil has been used, let the oil stand for a while so that the food particles can settle at the bottom. 2) Pour it through a bottle which in the middle contains activated carbon and has holes at the bottom for the oil to pass through. 3)When youve removed the solids and particulates, pour an amount of water equal to the volume of oil into a large pot or kettle with deep sides. Pour in your oil. Add about 1/2 teaspoon of salt per quart of total liquid to the pot. 4)Bring the oil and water mixture to the boil, and then boil it hard for about 5 to 10 minutes. The darker, more scorched, and/or more strongly flavored the oil, the longer you should boil the mixture. 5)Remove from the heat, and set aside to settle out. It takes about 10 to 30 minutes for the oil to completely separate and come to the top. 6)Pour off the water portion as completely as possible and discard. 7)Put the oil portion back into the deep pot or kettle. Over medium heat, bring to the boil (which for oil is hotter, obviously, than for water. Reduce heat until it is boiling and popping a bit, but slowly. The goal here is to evaporate all of the retained water. When the oil becomes very clear looking and no longer makes any sound (no popping or sizzling sounds), has no more bubbles rising, and no more steam comes to the top, its done. 8)Allow to cool, then bottle in an airtight container for reuse. Chapter 4 Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data Table 1: Observation after Cooking Oils Used and After the Purification Process Type of Cooking OilAppearanceOdour Unpurified Vegetable OilLooks like regular cooking oilContains a subtle scent of something burnt Purified Vegetable OilVery clear yellow colorSmells like original vegetable oil prior to being used Unpurified Palm OilVery dark yellowish-brown colorContains a subtle scent of hotdog Purified Palm OilSlightly lighter shade than previous colorStill contains a subtle scent of hotdog Unpurified Coconut OilMurky yellowish-brown colorContains a subtle scent of hotdog Purified Coconut OilMurky light yellow color Contains a subtle scent that can’t be indentified Major variations were observed before the oils were cooked and after the oils were purified with the processes of sedimentation, activated carbon, decantation and boiling using 6 regular sized hotdogs which were cooked with the temperature between 180 degrees Celsius to 190 degrees Celsius (medium heat) in the span of 5 minutes. Table 2: Viscosity Test Type of Oil1st Trial2nd Trial3rd TrialAverage Unpurified Coconut Oil1. 28 secs0. 98 secs1. 20 secs1. 15 secs Unpurified Palm Oil0. 99 secs1. 15 secs1. 18 secs1. 11 secs Unpurified Vegetable Oil1. 10 secs0. 97 secs1. 15 secs1. 07 secs Purified Coconut Oil 0. 95 secs1. 03 secs0. 91 secs0. 96 secs Purified Palm Oil1. 10 secs0. 93 secs0. 96 secs1. 00 secs Purified Vegetable Oil0. 97 secs1. 06 secs0. 94 secs 0. 99 secs The test was done with 100ml of different cooking oils, both purified and unpurified. The weight dropped into each of the container weighed 50grams. The most viscous liquid was the unpurified cooking oils and the unpurified was the lesser viscous one. The viscosity of the cooking oils affects how fast it takes to heat it. The more viscous a substance is, the longer it will it take to heat it. Although less viscous oils are faster to heat, foods cooked in it do not take in as much as the taste of the oil compared to the more viscous one. The purified oils were less viscous due to the purification processes done with it. Chapter 5 Conclusion and Recommendation Summary The outcome of the researchers’ purification of the cooking oils deemed to be successful. These positive differences were proven in the observation table and viscosity test. The three oils used, mainly coconut, palm and vegetable, all showed these differences in their appearance, odour, and viscosity. Conclusion Our experiment proved to be successful in terms of finding key differences in both the used and purified cooking oils. Based on the tables presented; there were significant differences between the unpurified cooking oil and the purified cooking oil in terms of its colour, odour and viscosity. The purified cooking oils; however, proved to be more beneficial in those different aspects. But overall, it was the vegetable oil that was the best product of our purification process because it had the most improvement in appearance, odour and had the lesser change in viscosity compared to the other two. Recommendations For future use and investigation, the researches recommend that a wider variety of oils, such as olive, canola and peanut, should be tested. The researchers also recommend that more purification processes should be tested with the oils to further purify it. And lastly, a nutritionist is recommended to tests the nutritive value of these oils whether or not they have changed after being used and after purifying it.

The Distance Between Degrees of Latitude and Longitude

The Distance Between Degrees of Latitude and Longitude What is the precise location of Los Angeles? It can be stated in relative terms (about 3,000 miles west of New York, for example), but for a cartographer, pilot, geologist, or geographer, a much more specific measurement is needed. In order to precisely locate any spot in the world, therefore, we use a geographic coordinate system that is measured in degrees of latitude and longitude. This system starts with an imaginary grid of lines that cover the entire planet. Locations are measured based on both X and Y coordinates within the grid. Because the Earth is round, however, the distances between lines on the grid vary. Defining Latitude and Longitude Longitude is defined as imaginary lines called meridians that run from the north to the south pole. There are a total of 360 meridians. The Prime Meridian, which runs through the Greenwich Observatory in England, is also called the International Date Line. Every location east of this line is one day earlier than every location west of the line. Latitude is defined as imaginary lines called parallels because they are parallel to the equator and to one another. The equator, which runs in a circle around the center of the Earth, divides the planet into north and south hemispheres. Lines of latitude and longitude intersect, creating a grid that allows anyone in any location to pinpoint a geographic location. There are 360 degrees of longitude (because meridians make Great Circles around the globe), and there are 180 degrees of latitude. To further specify exactly where to find anything on Earth, measurements are stated not only in degrees but also in minutes and seconds. Each degree can be broken into 60 minutes, and each minute can be divided into 60 seconds. Any given location can be described in terms of degrees, minutes, and seconds of longitude and latitude. What Is the Distance Between Degrees of Latitude? Degrees of latitude are parallel so, for the most part, the distance between each degree remains constant. However, the Earth is slightly elliptical in shape and that creates a small variation between the degrees as we work our way from the equator to the north and south poles. Each degree of latitude is approximately 69 miles (111 kilometers) apart.At the equator, the distance is 68.703 miles (110.567 kilometers).At the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn (23.5 degrees north and south), the distance is 68.94 miles (110.948 kilometers).At each of the poles, the distance is 69.407 miles (111.699 kilometers). This is rather convenient when you want to know how far it is between each degree, no matter where you are on Earth. All you need to know is that each minute (1/60th of a degree) is approximately one mile. For example, if we were at  40 degrees north,  100 degrees west, we would be on the Nebraska-Kansas border. If we were to go  directly north to  41 degrees north,  100 degrees west, we would have traveled about 69 miles and would now be near Interstate 80. What is the Distance Between Degrees of Longitude? Unlike latitude, the distance between degrees of longitude varies greatly depending upon your location on the planet. They are farthest apart at the equator and converge at the poles. A degree of longitude is widest at the equator with a distance of 69.172 miles (111.321 kilometers).The distance gradually shrinks to zero as they meet at the poles.At 40 degrees north or south, the distance between a degree of longitude is 53 miles (85 kilometers). The line at 40 degrees north runs through the middle of the United States and China, as well as Turkey and Spain. Meanwhile, 40 degrees south is south of Africa, goes through the southern part of Chile and Argentina, and runs almost directly through the center of New Zealand. Calculate the Distance from One Point to Another What if you are given two coordinates for latitude and longitude and you need to know how far it is between the two locations?  You could use what is known as a haversine formula to calculate the distance - but unless you are a whiz at trigonometry, it is not easy. Luckily, in todays digital world, computers can do the math for us. Most interactive map applications will allow you to input GPS coordinates of latitude and longitude and tell you the distance between the two points.  There are a number of latitude/longitude distance calculators available online. The National Hurricane Center has one that is very easy to use. Keep in mind that you can also  find the precise latitude and longitude of a location using a map application. In Google Maps, for example, you can simply click on a location and a pop-up window will give latitude and longitude data to a millionth of a degree. Similarly, if you right-click on a location in MapQuest you will get the latitude and longitude data. Source Latitude/Longitude Distance Calculator. National Hurricane Center and Central Pacific Hurricane Center.

Proton - Definition of Physics Terms

Proton - Definition of Physics Terms A proton is a positively charged particle that resides within the atomic nucleus. The number of protons in the atomic nucleus is what determines the atomic number of an element, as outlined in the periodic table of the elements. The proton has charge 1 (or, alternately, 1.602 x 10-19 Coulombs), the exact opposite of the -1 charge contained by the electron. In mass, however, there is no contest - the protons mass is approximately 1,836 times that of an electron. Discovery of the Proton The proton was discovered by Ernest Rutherford in 1918 (though the concept had been earlier suggested by the work of Eugene Goldstein). The proton was long believed to be an elementary particle until the discovery of quarks. In the quark model, it is now understood that the proton is comprised of two up quarks and one down quark, mediated by gluons in the Standard Model of quantum physics. Proton Details Since the proton is in the atomic nucleus, it is a nucleon. Since it has a spin of -1/2, it is a fermion. Since it is composed of three quarks, it is a triquark baryon, a type of hadron. (As should be clear at this point, physicists really enjoy making categories for particles.) Mass: 938 MeV/c2 1.67 x 10-27 kgCharge: 1 fundamental unit 1.602 x 10-19 CoulombsDiameter: 1.65 x 10-15 m

Methods & Survey Research Designs Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Methods & Survey Research Designs - Coursework Example Positive Relationships: Positive relationship is a relationship that signifies a direct relationship among two variables. That is, when there is an increase in one variable, the other variable is also likely to increase and when one variable decreases, the other also decreases. Negative (Inverse) Relationships: A negative relationship means that increase in the value of one variable leads to decrease in the value of the other variable and vice versa. This relation is also known as an inverse relationship. Pilot Test: A pilot test is a minor version of a large survey test and it is carried out to get an idea of the real test. It involves prior testing of a research tool, for instance, a new information gathering method, and it can also be used to test a hypothesis or design. Critical Theory: It is a social theory aiming toward analyzing and critiquing the society as a whole, in disparity with traditional theory aimed only to explaining it. Critical theories intend to dig under the she ll of social life and expose various theories that render a true and fuller understanding as to how the world works. Cultural Portrait: Cultural Portrait can reflect high moral and spiritual human qualities. It also has the capacity of honestly revealing the negative qualities of the subjects under study. Cultural portraits are mainly common in satirical portraits and caricatures. Bounded System: A bounded system has territories with identifiable edges between the interior and exterior, as well as spaces with different functions happening in different spaces. Examples include an organization, a family, a program or a class in school etc. Discriminate Sampling: It is a procedure which decides the group to which a person belongs according to his or her individual characteristics. Gatekeeper: A gatekeeper in traditional research methodology is a person with whom the researcher has to negotiate entree to participant subjects. The role implies a related position such as, stewardship, own ership or other executive authority along the lines of the presented cultural standards of the research setting. In Vivo Codes: In vivo codes are the factual terms used by researchers mostly as well as the expressions used by various actors also. They tend to be the behaviors which will provide details to the analyst about the methods in which the basic problems of the actors is determined. Memoing: Memoing is the process of recording reflective notes concerning what the analyst learns from the data. Memos accrue as written records or ideas regarding concepts as well as their relations. Progressive-Regressive Method: The progressive regressive method includes a movement in two guidelines. The progressive stage starts with what is clear to examination and the regressive stage returns back to its older roots. Inductive Reasoning: The term inductive reasoning means to analyze starting from bottom up. It takes exact data and creates a broader overview that is considered possible, allowi ng for the information that the end may not be precise. Field Notes: Field notes refer to different notes recorded by researchers throughout or after their study of a specific subject they are engaged in. They are mainly treasured in descriptive sciences that have high implications in this area. Field Journal: The field journal is a notebook that a researcher uses to record personal notes, observational notes, sketches, lists of terms, ideas and so on, when he or she is engaged in a field

In what ways did industrialization create new opportunities for women Essay

In what ways did industrialization create new opportunities for women How and why were these opportunities limited - Essay Example Important changes occurred included the elevation of women positions and set up of more demanding jobs. Industrialization shifted American economy from agricultural to an economy characterized by workforce enabling many women to enter the paid jobs. This was possible as women worked in textile industries, mining and agriculture. A change in industrial configuration lessened the number women labors. Opportunities like being employed as a miner were then outlawed by the regime as being illegitimate for woman to toil as a drawer in coal excavating. Another impediment to the employment of women came from gender partition of labor. Gender defined the role of women and women discretely (Hillstrom et al., 205). The cultural devaluing of women household jobs camouflaged its continuation leading to decrease in economy importance. The working place was another cause to limit the opportunities. That was possible when the working places were far away from women homes. Therefore, women were unable to comfortably work and at the same time taking care of their children (Sylvia 2008). Women who got married would rather stay home and look after children due to undue influence from their husbands and core cultural values that need to be

Savings and Loans Crisis Essay Example for Free

Savings and Loans Crisis Essay INTRODUCTION In the 1980’s, the savings and loan (SL) industry was in turmoil with the watershed event of this being the implementation of price fixing legislation in favour of home ownership in the 1930’s. Even though it was the basis of the crisis, the trigger lies in more fundamental concepts, including fiscal policy, mismanagement of assets and liabilities, pure imprudence by SL institutions, brokered deposits and the cyclicality of the regulation/deregulation process and this was fuelled by economic reactions such as inflation. It would be ‘unfair’ to attribute it to only one factor. Therefore, to properly investigate the crisis and with a view of having all round perspective of the crisis, this report will discuss this financial disaster’s main causes. The impact of the crisis was borne mostly by the SL industry, the savings and commercial banks in the US and more generally, the US economy. This report will further cover the corrective measures undertaken by regulators and the government with the aim of saving the SL sector as the number of institutions with worsening financial conditions steeply increased. The consequences of this crisis persisted until the early 1990’s and this long term effect is understood by analysing the regulations enacted in the aftermath of the crisis. The main turning point has been the enactment of the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act in 1989. Finally, there are essential lessons to be learned from the SL crisis, not only for the SL institutions, but also the banking industry, regulators and the government. CAUSES In the 1930s the SL industry was a conservative residential mortgage sector surrounded by legislation put in place during that period to promote home ownership. At the same time it has its own regulator which is the federal savings and home loan banking loan, and its own insurance firm to insure deposits at SL institutions. However the regulatory and interest rate environment started to change dramatically as from the 1960s when congress applied the Regulation Q to the SL industry by putting a ceiling on the interest rate that SLs can pay to depositors. The purpose was to help thrift institutions to extend interest rate ceiling to them in order to reduce their cost of liabilities and protect them from deposit rate wars since there were inflationary pressures in the middle till late 1960s. Regulation Q was price fixing, and in trying to fix the prices, Regulation Q caused distortion where the costs outweigh any benefits it may have offered. Regulation Q created a cross subsidy, passed from saver to home buyer, that allowed SLs to hold down their interest costs and thereby continue to earn, for a few more years, an apparently adequate interest margin on the fixed-rate mortgages they had at that recent past years. The problem was that the SL industry was not competing effectively for funds with commercial banks and securities market leading to large things in the amount of money available for mortgage lending. The ceiling on interest rate that SL could offer to depositors as per the Regulation Q led dampening of competition for depositors funds between bank and SL. But as new money market funds began to compete fiercely during the 1970s for depositors’ money by offering interest rates set by the market, SLs suffered significantly withdrawal of deposits during periods of high interest rates. This caused outflows from financial institution into higher yielding investment such as capital market instrument, government securities and money market funds. This process is known as disintermediation. Disintermediation has several undesirable consequences. Most important, it both restricted the availability of credit to consumers and increased its cost, particularly for home mortgages, the same consequences affected small and medium sized businesses that did not have access to the commercial paper market. In additional, because normal cash outlays increased to meet deposit withdrawals while cash inflows decreased as new funds were diverted to alternative investments, disintermediation slowed the growth of financial institutions and caused them liquidity problems. To have the cash available to meet withdrawal demands, banks and thrifts were often forced either to borrow money at above-market interest rates or to sell assets, often at a loss from book value. At the same time, rise in oil prices in 1979 pushed inflation and headline interest rates up. Growing inflation in the 1970s received two huge boosts: the first comprised the late-1973 and 1979 oil shocks from OPEC (the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries). Soaring oil prices compelled most American businesses to raise their prices as well, with inflationary results. The second boost to inflation came in the form of food harvest failures around the world, which created soaring prices on the world food market. Again, U.S. companies that imported food responded with an inflationary rise in their prices. In order to combat the increase in inflation, there was a rise in interest rates to encourage people to save and spend less. The Federal Reserve opted for tightening monetary measures in reaction to inflationary concerns. As a result of the subsequent monetary tightening, interest rates rose abruptly and significantly. Interest rates soared from 9.06% in June 1979 to 15.2% in March 1980. Such drastic change in base rates caused the yield curve to become inverted. The spread between the 10 year Treasury bond and the 3-month T-Bill became negative as seen in the table below reaching 373 basis points in 1980. (http://www.milkeninstitute.org/pdf/InvrtdYieldCurvesRsrchRprt.pdf) The graph below shows the variation of US Treasury three-month T-Bill. The large rise and the volatility of short term interest rates is evident from the graph. (http://www.milkeninstitute.org/pdf/InvrtdYieldCurvesRsrchRprt.pdf) The following 10-year Treasury against the effective Federal Funds Rate spread also illustrates how the yield curve inverted during the SL crisis. (http://www.milkeninstitute.org/pdf/InvrtdYieldCurvesRsrchRprt.pdf) With high volatility of interest rates during these periods, the SL industry failed to tackle the risk inherent in the funding of long term, fixed mortgages by means of short term deposits. In other words, there was a mismatch of asset/liability with a negative gap and rising short term interest rates. Aftermath In the1982’s, to attempt at resuscitating the SL industry, Congress tried to deal with the crisis by enacting the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act in 1980 and the Garn-St Germain Depository Institutions Act in 1982, allowed lower capital requirements, which were based largely on book values rather than more market-value oriented techniques, grossly overstate the health of financial institutions. Regulators relaxed regulatory restrictions by decreasing the net worth requirement from 4% to 3% of total deposits, with additional flexibility of not complying with the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The process of deregulation further included the extension for the period of amortisation of supervisory goodwill and the Bank Board removes the specific limitations for the SL shareholders, changing the minimum 400 shareholders restriction to only one, with no one shareholder or group holding more than 10% and 25% respectively and the acceptance of means of payment other than cash. In particular, rules on net worth changed so that thrifts could continue to operate even at historically low levels. Also, â€Å"supervisory goodwill† was used to balance out the books in terms of capital requirements and accounting numbers. This goodwill had no economic sense and simply helped to compensate any institutions, in a merger, when taking over economically impaired assets of insolvent institutions. All in all, the changes in accounting and capital treatment of supervisory goodwill enabled SL’s to post stronger accounting and capital numbers even though the underlying economic situation had deteriorated. There was a cancellation of the ceiling of the loan to value ratio as well. Forbearance or the decline in regulatory oversight was also a major factor of the debacle. Most importantly, savings and loan interest rate ceilings were removed. SL’s had a large proportion of variable rate liabilities (deposits) funding fixed-rate assets they held 84.5% of their assets as home mortgages. These institutions had a negative GAP as the amount of RSL was larger than that of RSA. GAP = RSA RSL Therefore, they were exposed to any rise in interest rates as the yield on the assets were fixed while the cost of liabilities increased. With the rapid increase in base rate in the 1980’s, FI’s cost of RSL rose faster than they could adjust their return on their assets. They had to maintain a high level of interest paid on deposit to avoid deposit withdrawal. The Net Interest Income – the difference between interest on assets and cost of liabilities decreased significantly. NII = Asset Return – Cost of Liabilities On average, the returns on home loans were 9% with an average deposit rate of 7% which implied a 2% net interest income. Given the tight regulations surrounding the SL’s, these institutions relied in the 2% net interest income as their main source of income. However, as the base rate rose dramatically, the NII dropped to negative figures, reaching -1.0% in 1981. Many institutions lost huge amounts of money. Savings and Loans specialised in originating and holding home mortgage loans that were relatively long term assets with fixed interest rates. However, these were funded by relatively short term deposits whose interest rates were variable. There was a maturity mismatch that was exposed to risk of interest rate rise. With the market value of the assets being more volatile because of its longer maturity, and as a consequence a longer duration, the rise in interest rate decreased the value of the mortgages to very low levels. The value of the liabilities decreased as well but to a smaller extent. Since net worth is the difference between market value of assets and market value of liabilities, this led to negative equity of financial institutions. Δ E = (DA DLg) x A x Δr/(1+r) Since DA DLg, with Δr 0, change in net worth value ΔE is negative. The leverage adjusted duration gap between the assets and liabilities was so large and with a large rise in interest rate, the equity value decreased to being negative. By the early 1980s, savings and loans throughout the country were insolvent by about $110 billion and the fund was reporting only $6 billion in reserves (Barth, 1991; Brumbaugh, 1988; Kane, 1989) The legislation also allowed savings and loans to begin to diversify into commercial real estate loans and other loans commercial banks could already make. Congress hoped that if SL’s invested in riskier, and thus, higher yielding assets, they would be able to offset the loss they previously made. The savings and loans were also allowed to originate adjustable-rate home loans. By 1983, most SLs were deemed economically profitable but 9% of the SL industry was insolvent. However, the Federal Home Loan Bank Board (FHLBB) and the Bank Board, went ahead with their plan of regulating the industry by imposing a 7% net worth limit for new entrants in the thrift industry so as to promote safe risk management practices and investments. Although all these developments were intended to help savings and loans, they gave rise to a subsequent twist in the crisis. The new changes did indeed allow savings and loans to reduce their interest rate risks but the changes exposed savings and loans to new risks mainly credit risks. While defaults on the home mortgages were low, defaults and associated losses on other types of loans and investments are typically much higher. By combining interest rate risk with credit risk, spread over a wider geographical area, experienced institutions had greater opportunities to choose a prudent overall balance of risk and return. However, many savings and loans began making commercial real estate loans, activities in which they were relatively inexperienced. Since investing in real estate loans entailed unique risks and required specific skills, SL’s eventually made losses on the real estate loans. These credit quality problems are reflected in the net income of the industry plunging once again, but even more than in the early 1980s, when the yield curve inverted. The industry lost nearly $21 billion in 1987 and 1988, and almost another $8 billion in 1989. Many open but insolvent savings and loans had incentives to take excessive risks and â€Å"gambled for resurrection† because of the phenomenon of moral hazard. If ever something turned wrong, the federal deposit insurance fund would bear the losses; yet the owners would reap the rewards if everything went well. The legislation, however, did not change how premiums were set for federal deposit insurance, meaning that riskier institutions and prudent ones were charged the same premium. Actually, the level of insured deposits was raised from $40,000 to $100,000. The new, lower capital requirements and broader opportunities to lend and invest allowed some savings and loan to take larger risks. With federally insured deposits and the ability to attract more deposits by offering higher rates of interest, deeply troubled savings and loans always had ready access to additional funds. Deregulation encouraged increased risk-taking by SL’s. However, in the mid- to late 1980s, with considerable real estate loans and investments, regional recessions struck the USA, which reduced commercial real estate values. In particular, an unexpected plunge in the price of oil in 1986 contributed to recession. To make matters worse, the Congress passed the Tax Reform Act of 1986 that more than eliminated the tax benefits to commercial real estate ownership it had conveyed only a few years earlier. Commercial real estate values fell dramatically as a result. This severely affected the asset value of the SL’s. In 1987, the Bank Board emphasised the importance of capitalisation by imposing a supervisory approval for SLs which engage in investments that are above 2.5 the multiplier of their tangible capital base. The main turning point was the Financial Institutions Reform Recovery and Enforcement Act (FIRREA), restructuring the industry as a whole by setting up the Resolution Trust Corporation which in total resolved or liquidated 747 thrifts, with assets valued at $394 billion, jettisoning both the FHLBB and FSLIC and setting up a new regulatory institution Office of Thrift Supervision. The key to this act was that instead of trying to save the SLs which were barely solvent, it dissolved them and focused on the solvent ones to reform the industry. With the assistance of market fundamentals – favourable conditions of interest rates, the reinstatement of GAAP accounting and real estate market, the industry stabilised. LESSONS LEARNT The thrift crisis had a bailout plan of $153 billion, of which around 80% was financed by taxpayers. The number of institutions in the SL industry receded considerably until 1995 and before then, the ability of the regulators and the government to deal with the crisis was questioned many times. What followed was a series of court battles, corruption charges and major restructuring. Therefore, consequences were substantial enough for everyone to extract some observations and lessons. The starting point of it all was overregulation, which outlined the restrictions and conditions under which an SL would function. That included rigidity of the institutions to be flexible at a time economic conditions were changing and the financial sector was advancing. With fixed interest rates, it proved difficult for the SL to engage in competition as their means of investing was limited. One crucial point is that additional regulations do not necessarily mean fewer risks. SLs had to assume additional exposure to interest rate risk and alongside with banks, they were prevented from optimising their credit risk exposure. The government sometimes does not modify the regulations as fast as the structure of the industry is changing leading to new risks emerging and the cycle goes on. To keep up with advancement, the government has to put in place tighter risk management policies and controls. However, regulators and government should not direct the investment decisions of institutions. Rather, investments should be in line with market and economic forces. At a later stage, the industry was deregulated in order to remedy the situation. However, this translated into a decrease in market discipline as the SLs made high risk investments as they relied on the safety net of federal guarantee to cover any losses. Moral hazard, adverse selection and passive management were noted. Therefore, it exposes the disadvantage of FSLIC at that time which encouraged the SLs to take long-term and unreported risks. The deregulation, reducing the capital requirements, left the thrift industry more vulnerable to economic changes. From the failure of resuscitating the industry, it was deduced that forbearance treatment towards insolvent institutions might not always be the best option as it can lead to a freeze in lending and stifle the economy. One of the lessons from the thrift crisis which has been consistently taken into account over the years was the reliance on capital ratios. During the deregulation period of the crisis, there was no monitoring of the capital bases of the thrifts which ultimately lead to insolvency. From then on, institutions had to follow certain standard capital requirements put in place by regulators. However, this focus proved recently in the credit crunch to be detrimental, showing that banks favour trust and confidence. It is important to realise that capital ratios and other accounting ratios might not reveal the real economic strength of the institution. The crisis led to more disclosure and market value accounting. It has been understood that it would have been best to restrict involvement of public funds as a means of saving the industry. Using state or public funds to buy-out thrifts below value is not in accord with public welfare. A solution would have been to subdivide the thrifts into insured and uninsured ones with varying degrees of supervisory regulations concerning deposits and investments. One lesson learned was the emergence of an adjustable insurance premium rate which became a function of the institution’s regulatory rating, risk and capital levels. CONCLUSION For some years the final bill for the SL crisis remained uncertain. However, it is known now that, the thrift crisis cost an extraordinary$153 billion – one of the most expensive financial sector crises the world has seen. Of this, the US taxpayer paid out $124 billion while the thrift industry itself paid $29 million. The consequences of the SL crisis for the structure and regulation of the US financial industry were profound. The number of institutions in the SL industry fell by about half between 1986 and 1995, partly due to the closure of around 1,000 institutions by regulators, the most intense series of institution failures since the 1930s. The failures prompted an overhaul of the regulatory structure for US banking and thrifts, a shake-up in the system of deposit insurance and implied Government guarantees. Regulators shifted towards a policy of earlier intervention in failing institutions so that the principal costs are more likely to be borne by shareholders than other stakeholders. There was also a shift towards more risk-sensitive regulatory regimes, with respect to both net worth assessments and the payments to deposit insurance funds, while deposit insurance reform made it less likely that taxpayers would shoulder so great a burden in any future crisis. At a wider level, the SL crisis taught politicians, regulators and bankers how misleading rules-driven regulatory and accounting numbers can be in relation to risky bank activities. At different stages of the crisis, reporting of the financial condition of SLs was deliberately selected by interested parties to cover up the true economic extent of the unfolding disaster. It was a risk reporting failure on grand scale that greatly worsened the long term economic consequences fort the ultimate stakeholder: the US taxpayer. REFERENCES 1. Myth: Carter ruined the economy; Reagan saved it. http://www.huppi.com/kangaroo/L-carterreagan.htm [Accessed 31 October 2010 to 18 November 2010] 2. The U.S. banking debacle of the 1980’s : A lesson in government mismanagement http://www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/the-us-banking-debacle-of-the-1980s-a-lesson-in-government-mismanagement/ [Accessed 31 October 2010 to 18 November 2010] 3. Inverted Yield Curve Research Report, Milken Institute http://www.milkeninstitute.org/pdf/InvrtdYieldCurvesRsrchRprt.pdf [Accessed 31 October 2010 to 18 November 2010 4. The Cost of the Savings and Loans Crisis, FDIC Banking Review http://useconomy.about.com/library/s-and-l-crisis.pdf [Accessed 31 October 2010 to 18 November 2010] 5. The SL Crisis: A Chrono-Bibliography, FDIC http://www.fdic.gov/bank/historical/s%26l/index.html [Accessed 31 October 2010 to 18 November 2010] 6. The Savings and Loan Crisis http://wapedia.mobi/en/Savings_and_loan_crisis.html [Accessed 31 October 2010 to 18 November 2010] 7. US Savings and Loans Crisis, Sungard Bancware Erisk http://www.prmia.org/pdf/Case_Studies/US_SL.pdf [Accessed 31 October 2010 to 18 November 2010] 8. Savings and Loans Crisis, FDIC Report Vol. 1 http://www.fdic.gov/bank/historical/history/167_188.pdf [Accessed 31 October 2010 to 18 November 2010] 9. The Economic Effects of the Savings and Loans Crisis, Congressional Budget Office http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/100xx/doc10073/1992_01_theeconeffectsofthesavings.pdf [Accessed 31 October 2010 to 18 November 2010] 10. The Cost of Savings and Loans Crisis: Truth and Consequences, FDIC Banking Review http://fcx.fdic.gov/bank/analytical/banking/2000dec/brv13n2_2.pdf [Accessed 31 October 2010 to 18 November 2010]

Free Essays: Comparing Characters and Themes in Hamlet and Macbeth :: comparison compare contrast essays

Parallel Characters and Themes in Hamlet and MacBeth    Throughout William Shakespeare’s plays Hamlet and Macbeth there are many similarities, along with many differences. These plays are both Shakespearean tragedies, which often use supernatural incidents to capture the reader’s interest, and consists of a hero that has a tragic flaw. There are many comparative and contrasting aspects in these plays.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The opening of Hamlet involves a supernatural, as does the opening of Macbeth. In the first scene the ghost of his father, King Hamlet, approaches Hamlet. Similarly, the opening of Macbeth involves the three witches. Although the witches can be seen by anyone they approach, the ghost of King Hamlet is only seen by Hamlet himself, and in one scene by Marcellus and Bernardo, Hamlet’s servants. Similarly in both plays, the main characters are slightly suspicious of the actual powers these supernatural figures have. As the witches use their apparent powers to tell Macbeth the future, the ghost of King Hamlet tells Hamlet what has happened already. Hamlet states in one of his soliloquies â€Å"The spirit that I have seen / may be the devil† (2.2.598-599). Macbeth also has his doubts because when the witches tell him that he will be named Thane of Cawder, Macbeth himself had not known, but many people had. It is possible the witches could have known. In the same matter in both plays, the presentation of the supernatural began to lead to the final downfall of each of the characters. In Macbeth, the three witches cause him to think and do evil deeds. In Hamlet, if he had not seen the ghost of his father, he would not have known that Claudius has killed his father to claim the throne. In both instances the characters gave into the nagging supernatural beliefs. And hence they lost their lives. Other characters in these plays show parallels in their plots. Both plays have a main character that portrays the king of that country. In Hamlet, the King of Denmark, Claudius is directly related to Hamlet. He is his uncle, and also his mother’s new husband. However, in Macbeth the King of Scotland, King Duncan, is not directly related to the main character.

Li & Fung Core Strategies Essay

Li and Fung’s Core Strengths One of the core strengths of Li and Fung was acquisitions as they saw it as a means to sustain growth momentum. Most of the time they tried to â€Å"fill in the mosaic† by acquiring competitors in areas where they lacked positioning, expertise or talent. They just did not acquired companies they made them integrated with the old ones to make When they acquire companies Li & Fung’s strategy is to integrate incoming staff and streamline operations seamlessly within 100 days. Li & Fung works to a Three Year Plan that addresses strategies across the board and in recent years has set and met the goal of doubling its size with each plan. Li & Fung has achieved its milestones a lot faster, while keeping costs down by investing in new technology and software solutions. The company has set up the infrastructure for web conferencing between all of its offices. The company has improved IT software’s, particularly those relative to infrastructure that will offer improved collaboration, such as VOIP phones, WebEx, SharePoint for internal and customer collaboration, videoconferencing and EDI. This has allowed them to cut costs and increase productivity. Also Li & Fung centralized back-office systems contributed to improve the efficiency of acquisition. Li & Fung’s as a middleman provided a wide array of services that spanned the whole supply chain. In addition, they supplied both hard goods and soft goods from suppliers to different countries and territories. Acted as the middlemen, the company could reduce matching and credit risks. How do these core strengths make Li and Fung an attractive option for its customer? How do Li and Fung make the supply chain more responsive (i.e., fast and flexible? Do you think that other companies can replicate Li & Fung’s business model? Why or why not? Be brief.

How Music Education Helps Students Education Essay

A music instruction is profound on pupils because it provides a assortment of womb-to-tomb wages ; hence, it should be encouraged and instilled in the school course of study.Why Students Should Analyze MusicStudents should analyze music because it offers them the ability to show themselves and larn to work independently and with others every bit good as logical thought, teamwork, perceptual experience, a sense of accomplishment, and an esteem for the humanistic disciplines.Benefits of a Music EducationPersons benefit from a music instruction through as it helps certain parts of the encephalon develop, along with IQ, reading degree, and a sharper memory come with exposure to music. Learning to play an instrument can be compared to larning another linguistic communication and can be disputing at times. Students have to be disciplined in order to get the hang playing an instrument ; it takes clip and committedness which in bend sets criterions of quality that enhances their desire for a cademic excellence.How Music Education Helps StudentsA music instruction allows pupils to show feelings and have a self-identity. Band and orchestra members are less likely to smoke, imbibe intoxicant, or experiment with other drugs than other non-music childs. An instruction in music besides allows pupils to bond with other members in their group who portion common thoughts, beliefs, and behaviours and to be included in multiple coteries, where they feel like they belong.Music Teaches Lifelong SkillsSkills which are indispensable in the work force and community are developed through music survey. The humanistic disciplines besides help excite economic activity by pulling tourers to events and hence increasing the community ‘s local revenue enhancement base. Students involved in their music instruction plan said music is what defines them because it helps them show themselves. A music instruction really does what is said to be true about itA Music Education: The IncomparableIn troductionWhat sort of an instruction do you desire for your kids? Are you satisfied with an instruction sufficient for them to graduate or make you desire them to work at something to the point that it ‘s every bit perfect as they can do it ( Gill, Rogers, and Rogers, 2000 ) ? A music instruction gives pupils subject, strength, and possible along with the resources of teacher support and ego appraisal for every pupil to larn. These accomplishments help pupils all throughout their lives, no affair what they do. The benefits of music instruction are profound on pupils ; hence, it should be encouraged in the school course of study.Why Students Should Analyze MusicWhy should pupils analyze music and is at that place anything society could make to promote all kids to hold the experience? Music offers pupils the ability to show themselves and larn to work independently and with others ( Children ‘s Music Workshop, 2012 ) . Whether it is set or choir, pupils have to pattern th e music over and over by themselves to finally be able to work with others in dry runs and compose an outstanding public presentation. Because of the humanistic disciplines personal connexion to largely everything we want for our kids and schools, they deserve a topographic point in the course of study. Analyzing music besides teaches pupils, logical thought, teamwork, perceptual experience, and esteem for the humanistic disciplines ; plus, it is fun at the same clip and gives pupils a sense of accomplishment which is invaluable to parents and schools ( Frisco School of Music, 2012 ) . In association, with the survey: The Benefits of Humanistic disciplines Education: An Probe of Causality and Individual Perceptions composed by Dr. Barbara Airulla, we besides see similar benefits persons receive from holding an instruction in the humanistic disciplines. She asked respondents composed of both parents and non-parents whether they believe that instruction in the ocular humanistic disciplines and music contributes to other academic success? ( Such as higher classs or trial tonss in other topics like math or scientific discipline. ) Of the 150 respondents, she received responses of 125 yes ( 93.98 % ) , 8 no ( 6 % ) , and 17 non-responses. In the 2nd portion to this inquiry she besides asked them to bespeak one ground why they believe ocular humanistic disciplines and music instruction contribute to academic success ( Airulla, B. 2004 ) . The undermentioned diagram indicates the responses she received: Figure 1: Reasons why you believe instruction in ocular humanistic disciplines and music contributes to other academic success. ( Airulla, B. , 2004 ) . Many of these responses are similar to the results found through research and you can see that people genuinely believe a music instruction has a great impact on persons. However, on the contrast to these old surveies and many more, some school principals, overseers, school board functionaries, and instructors are still blinded by the valuable effects of music to a pupil ‘s instruction.Benefits of a Music EducationIn bend, what benefits are gained through music and how can humans win from analyzing it? Thinking abilities grow, pupils are more occupied in what they study, and they learn from each other through music. The development of certain parts of the encephalon along with IQ, reading degree, and a sharper memory come with exposure to music. Every clip instrumentalists perform, they have to modify the round, pacing, phrases, pitch, temper, and musical technique. From these uninterrupted challenges, the encephalon becomes improbably skilled at multitasking ( Children ‘ s Music Workshop, 2012 ) . When the Princeton, New Jersey based College Entrance Examination Board looked at SAT tonss of college-bound high school seniors, they discovered instrumentalists of 6 old ages or more scored 57 points higher on the trials verbal subdivision and 41 points higher in math than their non-art equals ( Children ‘s Music Workshop, 2012 ) . A survey shown by the Glen Burnie County School District in Maryland stated test tonss of 223 4th through 6th class pupils both involved in and missing music instruction showed no distinguishable difference. Those pupils involved within the music plan showed no marks of increased trial tonss than their non-music equals ( Corral, 1998 ) . However, this survey was conducted on kids between 4th through 6th grade pupils who have non had adequate musical experience in order to efficaciously heighten trial tonss ; hence, this information is irrelevant and can non be used to find the consequence of music on its participants. In spring 2006, the Harris Interactive canvass of high school principals noted a drastically higher category attending of 93.3 per centum and a 90.2 per centum graduation rate among schools with music plans. Unlike their antagonist, schools without music classs merely obtain attending of 84.9 per centum among pupils and a graduation rate of 72.9 per centum ( NAfME, 2012 ) . These are simply a few of the legion successes of a music instruction. Figure 2: Comparison of graduation and attending rates among schools with a music instruction vs. those without a music instruction. Not merely does music instruction make pupils smarter, it besides teaches subject and heed. Learning to play an instrument can be compared to larning another linguistic communication and can be disputing at times. Students have to be disciplined in order to get the hang playing an instrument ; it takes clip and committedness to put out clip each twenty-four hours to pattern, pattern, and pattern some more ( Petress, 2005 ) . Musicians learn workmanship as they study how inside informations are put together fastidiously and what constitutes good, as opposed to mediocre work. The National Education Longitundinal Study showed these criterions of excellence have had an consequence on the enormous sums of academic and honor awards pupils receive ( Children ‘s Music Workshop, 2012 ) . School systems ought to demand music instruction as a new degree of excellence and a rank of virtue all parents and schools should desire for kids.How Music Education Helps StudentsAlong with the old be nefits of a music instruction, music besides allows pupils to show feelings and have a self-identity. Band and orchestra members are less likely to smoke, imbibe intoxicant, or experiment with other drugs than other non-music childs ( Frisco School of Music, 2012 ) . A sense of accomplishment comes with music. Once pupils achieve their end, the satisfaction they feel is invaluable and is surely something to be proud of. Music helps us happen our self-identity and allows us to see into our privy inner universes by showing which type ( s ) of music we enjoy. For this ground, group individualism through music is both wide and limited. An instruction in music may let a pupil to be included in multiple coteries, every bit good as excepting them. The bonding of members in a group who portion common thoughts, beliefs, and behaviours is formed through this construct. Music besides helps insulate and divide one coterie from another. Hazard taking through music public presentation teaches pup ils to get the better of fright and prevent it from going a job subsequently in life ( Children ‘s Music Workshop, 2012 ) . Learning through music allows pupils to be themselves in their ain manner. Should n't every parent want this for their kid? Have you of all time wondered how a kid sees the universe? A music instruction offers kids the ability to detect the universe otherwise. Cultural instruction is continually learned and encouraged through exhibition of the humanistic disciplines and humanistic disciplines ( NAfME, 2012 ) . Students who study music learn to esteem and hold understanding towards people of other point of views, civilizations, and imposts. Analyzing music is like larning a 2nd linguistic communication in which most people speak. Many instrumentalists have taken a piece of music and translated it into several linguistic communications and manners. It ‘s through thoughts like these, that people all around the universe are introduced to something they usually would ne'er take part in or listen to. Music cuts across racial, cultural, societal, educational, and economical limitations ( Petress, 2005 ) . It is of import that in every instruction system, schools teach pupils about different ways of life, a nd non merely the one pupils live in.Music Teaches Lifelong SkillsNot merely does a music instruction aid pupils throughout school, it teaches accomplishments which are indispensable in the work force and community. Increasingly obliging techniques established through an instruction in the humanistic disciplines are appealing to the direction and aggressiveness of the state ‘s work force ( Children ‘s Music Workshop, 2012 ) . Common art sections of the originative work force are multiplying at a rate of more than double the remainder of the state ‘s work force. Such units include painters, histrions, lensmans and writers. Within these sections are persons employed in architecture, manner design, movie, picture, music, and package development ( NAfME, 2012 ) . The humanistic disciplines besides help excite economic activity by pulling tourers and increasing the community ‘s local revenue enhancement base ( Children ‘s Music Workshop, 2012 ) . These are s ome of the many advantages music instruction offers pupils in the work force and throughout their life-time. Students ‘ point of views on how studying music helps them, is an of import factor in schools taking to necessitate music in the course of study. Members of New Milford ‘s music plan and Wagner ‘s orchestra Pitt say their music accomplishments have helped them in faculty members such as math and scientific discipline. Based on neurological trials, Mr. Michael Pitt, president of the music section at Robert Wagner Middle School and president of the Music Education Association of New York City, says â€Å" it has been proven that pupils who have a hands-on experience in the humanistic disciplines achieve more elaborate job work outing in faculty members than pupils who are introduced to computing machines at immature age † ( Gill et al. , 2000 ) . By an extra and advanced vocabulary and a more focussed schoolroom, pupils have besides learned to hold forbearance in what they do ( Rubin, 2007 ) . Obviously, pupils enjoy music and like that it ‘s something th ey can make recreationally, but music instruction is besides a category to look frontward to at school. It is different from the needed categories because there are no trials and few dull minutes where pupils sit at that place listening to the instructor. Students need this chance to take a interruption from the required nucleus categories in which most of them dread. New Milford ‘s high school pupils involved in their music instruction plan said music is what defines them. Music helps them show themselves and demo others music is cool and non simply for geeks ( Rubin, 2007 ) . A music instruction really does what is said to be true about it ; trial tonss have improved and are go oning to come on, while music helps pupils find their self-image. An instruction in music besides relieves emphasis on pupils, and broadens their skylines. Former President Bill Clinton provinces, â€Å" music is about communicating, creativeness, and cooperation, and by analyzing music in school, pupils have the chance to construct on these accomplishments, enrich their lives, and see the universe from a new position. † This quotation mark sums up the cardinal points of why an instruction in music is good to most people. We must proclaim and promote a new attack for other pupils, parents, and schools find a manner to appreciate music before it is excessively late ( Children ‘s Music Workshop, 2012 ) .DecisionAn of import decision to come out of this treatment is we as a society return music for granted. Human existences need to be educated with all types of instruction in order to accomplish maximal human potency. By back uping this position, you could assist put music in the nucleus of the school course of study. All pupils ought to hold an chance to meet and spread out their endowments in all educational systems. Schools demand to maintain and implement the humanistic disciplines in instruction because they set up in pupils a life style that last a life-time.RecommendationsIn order to promote music instruction in schools, I recommend that people do their best to inform the populace and school decision makers about the impacts a music instruction has on persons. The more advocators we have to assist back up the position of set uping music instruction in the school curriculum the better opportunity persons will hold at wining in life. By prolonging this position we can greatly impact the lives of future coevalss for old ages to come.

Comparing of the Rate of Injuries and Illnesses in the Three Facilities of Eyeglass Manufacturing

Comparing of the Rate of Injuries and Illnesses in the Three Facilities of Eyeglass Manufacturing Introduction The present case focuses on evaluation of potential ergonomic hazards at 3 eyeglass manufacturing plants. Managers of the company addressed researchers and asked them to analyze potential hazards in surfacing and finishing departments of the three facilities. The researchers evaluated risk factors for developing Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorder (WMSD) in employees. Since the managers were interested in finishing and surfacing departments, the researchers paid special attention to surfacing and finishing tasks.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing of the Rate of Injuries and Illnesses in the Three Facilities of Eyeglass Manufacturing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the report, there are a lot of risk factors and hazards which have to be addressed (Ramsey Tapp, 2012). The researchers also stress that some employees have health problems including WMSDs. The researchers also compare the rate of injuries and illnesses in the three facilities and the rest of eyeglass manufacturing plants. Notably, the researchers provide specific recommendations which can help address the issue. The purpose of the present paper is to evaluate the report in question. Methods The researchers used a number of evaluation criteria to assess the hazards. First of all, the researchers focused on WMSDs symptoms. The researchers obtained the data through observations and videotaping. As has been mentioned above, the researchers concentrated on finishing and surfacing tasks. Apart from this, the researchers interviewed employees personally. The researchers focused on employees’ knowledge of ergonomics and safety measures as well as employees’ physical states and health-related complaints. The researchers also analyzed medical records of employees. Finally, the researchers analyzed records concerning injuries and accidents at the three facilities. Results The researchers repor t that employees are exposed to a number of hazards at the department in question. At this point, it is necessary to note that the researchers claim that the rate of illnesses at the facilities has decreased recently. Nonetheless, the rate is very high. The most common hazards are associated with â€Å"awkward postures, forceful exertions, and repetitive motion tasks†, twisting and bending (Ramsey Tapp, 2012, p. 9). The researchers stress that such conditions increased employees’ risk of developing â€Å"shoulder, arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, hand, and finger WMSDs† (Ramsey Tapp, 2012, p. iii). The researchers also note that employees often have lower back disorders. Noteworthy, the researchers state that the rate of injuries as well as illnesses at the three facilities in question is higher than rates at the majority of the US eyeglass manufacturing plants. Finally, the researchers note that employees do not have sufficient knowledge on ergonomics and safety m easures at the three plants.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Recommendations The researchers provide a set of recommendations for managers and employees. Thus, managers should have a working height changed to 27-62 inches. This will diminish risk factors of developing back and shoulder WMSDs (Ramsey Tapp, 2012). According to researchers, it is also essential to provide employees with adjustable tables. This will make the working place appropriate for each employee. The researchers emphasize that it is important to â€Å"rotate† employees to different tasks (Ramsey Tapp, 2012, p. 22). This will diminish negative effects of doing repetitive tasks. Furthermore, the researchers note that managers should educate employees on WMSDs and major principles of ergonomics. Finally, the researchers stress that managers should encourage employees to report about WMSD sy mptoms or potential hazards. As far as employees are concerned, the researchers state that they also can and should improve the situation. One of the most basic recommendations made is to follow easy rules while lifting heavy objects. Besides, employees should learn more about the use of adjustable equipment and participate in ergonomic committees. Finally, employees should report about injuries or potential hazards to managers. Discussion It is necessary to note that recommendations made and points discuss are covered in other researches. For instance, the researchers in the NIOSH emphasize that educating employees on principles of ergonomics is crucial. Likewise, McCauley-Bush (2011) states that it is essential for managers as well as employees to learn more about ergonomics as this will potentially reduce risk factors at workplace. Apart from education and training, there is another important concern in the field. Thus, diversity at workplace is one of the most burning issues in the contemporary business world. The researchers touched upon the issue in their report. Thus, they claim that adjustable equipment can significantly improve the situation. Hussain et al. (2012) note that it is not enough to adjust equipment to fit employees’ different physical features. The researchers claim that it is crucial to take into account such aspects as age, culture, gender, skills, background, marital status, etc. The researchers state that all these aspects should be considered while developing ergonomic plans (Hussain et al., 2012). Admittedly, this can reduce risk factors at manufacturing facilities. It is necessary to add that researchers of the NIOSH did not consider technologic advances in ergonomics. At present, researchers make use of certain software to develop effective ergonomic plans. For example, Qutubuddin, Hebbal and Kumar (2012) state that user-friendly applications can help managers develop efficient ergonomic plans for various settings. Admittedl y, software can be used to analyze various hazards and develop effective strategies to minimalize potential risk factors.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing of the Rate of Injuries and Illnesses in the Three Facilities of Eyeglass Manufacturing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion On balance, it is possible to note that the report in question is effective. First of all, it is necessary to state that the report is based on comprehensive research. The researchers analyzed substantial amount of data. Remarkably, the researchers used different methods to obtain data. This makes the research comprehensive and plausible. It identifies major hazards and risk factors. The report also contains a set of recommendations aimed at improving the situation. Notably, the report includes recommendations for both managers as well as employees. The recommendations provided are clear and concise. They are easy to implemen t. It is also necessary to note that the report is clear and concise. The data obtained are presented in tables. This makes the report clear and detailed. The information is arranged in a logical way and the major points are highlighted separately. The report can have a wide audience. Top management, supervisors, employees, educators and students can benefit from the present report. As far as I am concerned, the report is comprehensive and detailed. Though, I would add certain information on software which can be used to develop an ergonomic plan. I would also expand the section on training. People are still unaware of effective ergonomic training. Hence, managers may need assistance in developing efficient training. It is also unclear what employees could discuss at ergonomic committees. Irrespective of the missing information, the report is still effective and can help the company improve the situation. I have learnt a lot about analyzing particular workplaces in terms of safety a nd ergonomics. I have also acknowledged that managers start paying the necessary attention to ergonomics and employees’ safety. Reference List Hussain, A.H., Marshall, R., Summerskill, S., Case, K. (2012). Workforce diversity and ergonomic challenges for sustainable manufacturing organizations. In S. Trzcielinski W. Karwowski (Eds.), Advances in ergonomics in manufacturing (pp. 23-33). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. McCauley-Bush, P. (2011). Ergonomics: Foundational principles, applications, and technologies. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ramsey, J.G., Tapp, L. (2012). Ergonomic evaluation of surfacing and finishing tasks during eyeglass manufacturing – Minnesota. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/reports/pdfs/2010-0114-3168.pdf Qutubuddin, S.M., Hebbal, S.S., Kumar, A.C.S. (2011).Computer assisted system for enhancing the application of ergonomics in manufacturing systems. International Journal of Ergonomics, 2(1), 1-56.

The U.S. Presidents and Their Era

The U.S. Presidents and Their Era Learning the list of U.S. presidents in order   is an elementary school activity. Most everyone remembers the most important and best presidents, as well as those that served in wartime. But many of the rest are forgotten in the fog of memory or vaguely remembered but cant be placed in the right time frame. So, quick, when was Martin Van Buren president? What happened during his tenure? Gotcha, right? Heres  a refresher course on this fifth grade subject that includes the 45 U.S. presidents as of January 2017, along with the defining issues of their eras.   U.S. Presidents 1789-1829 The earliest presidents, most of whom are considered to be Founding Fathers of the United States, are usually the easiest to remember. Streets, counties, and cities are named after all of them across the country. Washington is called the father of his country for good reason: His ragtag Revolutionary army beat the British, and that made the United States of America a country. He served as the countrys first president, guiding it through its infancy, and set the tone. Jefferson, the writer of the Declaration of Independence, expanded the country tremendously with the Louisiana Purchase. Madison, the father of the Constitution, was in the White House during the War of 1812 with the British (again), and he and wife Dolley had to famously escape the White House as it was burned by the British.  These early years saw the country carefully begin to find its way as a new nation. George Washington (1789-1797)John Adams (1797-1801)Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)James Madison (1809-1817)James Monroe (1817-1825)John Quincy Adams (1825-1829) U.S. Presidents 1829-1869 This period of U.S. history is marked by the searing controversy of slavery in the Southern states and compromises that tried and ultimately failed to solve the problem. The Missouri Compromise of 1820, the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 all sought to deal with this issue, which inflamed passions both North and South. These passions ultimately erupted in secession and then Civil War, which lasted from April 1861 to April 1865, a war that took the lives of 620,000 Americans, almost as many as in all other wars fought by Americans combined. Lincoln is, of course, remembered by all as the Civil War president trying to keep the Union intact, then guiding the North throughout the war and then attempting to bind up the nations wounds, as stated in his Second Inaugural Address. Also, as all Americans know, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth just after the war ended in 1865. Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)William H. Harrison (1841)John Tyler (1841-1845)James K. Polk (1841-1849)Zachary Taylor (1849-1850)Millard Fillmore (1850-1853)Franklin Pierce (1853-1857)James Buchanan (1857-1861)Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865)Andrew Johnson (1865-1869) U.S. Presidents 1869-1909 This period, which stretches from just after the Civil War until the early part of the 20th century, was marked by Reconstruction, including the three Reconstruction Amendments (13, 14 and 15), the rise of the railroads, westward expansion, and wars with Native Americans in the areas where American pioneers were settling. Events like the Chicago Fire (1871), the first run of the Kentucky Derby (1875) the Battle of Little Big Horn (1876), the Nez Perce War (1877), the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge (1883), the Wounded Knee Massacre (1890) and the Panic of 1893 define this era. Toward the end, the Gilded Age made its mark, and that was followed by the populist reforms of Theodore Roosevelt, which brought the country into the 20th century. Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877)Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881)James A. Garfield (1881)Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885)Grover Cleveland (1885-1889)Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893)Grover Cleveland (1893-1897)William McKinley (1897-1901)Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) U.S. Presidents 1909-1945 Three momentous events dominated this time period: World War I, the Great Depression of the 1930s and World War II. Between World War I and the Great Depression came the Roaring 20s, a time of immense social change and huge prosperity, which all came to a screeching halt in October 1929, with the crash of the stock market. The country then plunged into a somber decade of extremely high unemployment, the Dust Bowl on the Great Plains and many home and business foreclosures. Virtually all Americans were affected. Then in December 1941, the Japanese bombed the U.S. fleet at Pearl Harbor, and the U.S. was drawn into World War II, which had been wreaking havoc in Europe since the fall of 1939. The war caused the economy to finally turn up. But the cost was high: World War II took the lives of more than 405,000 Americans in Europe and the Pacific. Franklin D. Roosevelt was president from 1932 to April 1945, when he died in office. He steered the ship of state through two of these traumatic times and left an enduring mark domestically with New Deal legislation. William H. Taft (1909-1913)Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)Warren G. Harding (1921-1923)Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929)Herbert Hoover (1929-1933)Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945) U.S. Presidents 1945-1989 Truman took over when FDR died in office and presided over the end of World War II in Europe and the Pacific, and he made the decision to use atomic weapons on Japan to end the war. And that ushered in whats called the Atomic Age and the Cold War, which continued until 1991 and the fall of the Soviet Union. This period is defined by peace and prosperity in the 1950s, the assassination of Kennedy in 1963, civil rights protests and civil rights legislative changes, and the Vietnam War. The late 1960s were particularly contentious, with Johnson taking much of the heat over Vietnam. The 1970s brought a watershed constitutional crisis in the form of Watergate. Nixon resigned in 1974 after the House of Representatives passed three articles of impeachment against him. The Reagan years brought peace and prosperity as in the 50s, with a popular president presiding. Harry S. Truman (1945-1953)Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961)John F. Kennedy (1961-1963)Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969)Richard M. Nixon (1969-1974)Gerald R. Ford (1974-1977)Jimmy Carter (1977-1981)Ronald Reagan (1981-1989) U.S. Presidents 1989-2017 This most recent era of American history is marked by prosperity but also by tragedy: The attacks of Sept.11, 2001, on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon and including the lost plane in Pennsylvania took 2,996 lives and was the deadliest terrorist attack in history and the most horrific attack on the U.S. since Pearl Harbor. Terrorism and Mideast strife have dominated the period, with wars being fought in Afghanistan and Iraq soon after 9/11 and ongoing terrorism fears throughout these years. The 2008 financial crisis was the worst in the U.S. since the beginning of the Great Depression in 1929. George H. W. Bush (1989-1993)Bill Clinton (1993-2001)George W. Bush (2001-2009)Barack Obama (2009-2017)Donald Trump (2017- )

Legal Aspects Of Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Legal Aspects Of Nursing - Essay Example The bed restraints were meant for not only securing the patient from much movement but also for ensuring his safety against falling from the height of the bed, which would be fatal. In this regard therefore, the nurses would be said to have responded appropriately to ensure the safety of the patient through the application of the principles. However, as the excerpt reveals, despite the great effort taken by the nurses to ensure the safety of Mr. Abraham, he eventually manages to untie himself from the restraints and in efforts to climb down the bed, he falls and sustains serious head injuries from which he later succumbs. From a legal point of view, the nurses would have applied other principles to ensure more safety to the patient besides what had been done. For instance, when they noted the patient’s unrest, they would have probably administered sleep-inducing medicine to the patient in order to have him asleep as they carried out their tests. Besides, one-hour intervals of monitoring such a patient who showed higher chances of untying himself was long durations and the nurses ought to have adopted lesser periods in order to be effective. Through the relatively shorter periods, the nurses would have probably chanced on the patient before the fall. Moreover, we would reason that the nurses failed to prioritize on the patient as is seen from the statement that they visited him on hourly intervals from the room he was restrained from as he awaited tests and treatment. From a legal point, this would be interpreted as negligence on the part of nurses because they would have prioritized on attending to the patient as a safety measure. Failure to have employed these measures by nurses in effect is blamed to have resulted to the injury, which... There is no greater ethical duty to such a patient than as accorded in the case scenario. Ethics explain an acceptable code of conduct by individuals within a given context. In this case, therefore, the patient portrayed no ethical behavior as described by his intention to leave the hospital and go for revenge in the bar besides being assisted by the nurses and the fire rescue to safety. It would be interpreted morally wrong and ethically accepted behavior where the patient shows no sense of cooperation when being assisted by the nurses. In fact, it is more wrong to have the patient struggle to untie the wrist and chest restraints as applied by the medical staff for having him cooperate as tests and treatment were done on him. Such efforts by the practicing nurses and the fire rescue indicate very high ethical concerns towards the patient and under such, no higher duty would be accorded to him than this. Life is interpreted to be very precious and as such, despite his condition of being drunk and unruly, the nurses and other persons in contact with such a patient has the ethical responsibility of saving his life. It is also ethical to handle the patient with care as the family members would reiterate and accord him the respect due to human beings. Finally, it would be ethical to have such a patient attended to quickly, which would reduce the level of suffering that the patient would be undergoing from the injuries sustained before. It is ethically correct for the nurses to minimize the level of pain suffered by a patient.